Paul Keenan
Polish Pope emerged as a forceful moral leader
Karol Wojtyla brought a philosopher’s intellect, a pilgrim’s spiritual intensity and an actor’s flair for the dramatic to his role as head of the universal Church for more than 26 years.
The Polish Pope was a tireless evangeliser and forceful communicator, speaking to millions in their own languages. But toward the end of his life, his powers of speech faltered with his worsening illness, which left him often unable to even murmur a blessing.
The first non-Italian Pope in 455 years, John Paul became a spiritual protagonist in two global transitions: the fall of European communism, which began in his native Poland in 1989, and the passage to the third millennium of Christianity.
As pastor of the universal Church, he jetted around the world, taking his message to 129 countries in 104 trips outside Italy – including Ireland in 1979.
Within the Church, the Pope was just as vigorous and no less controversial. He disciplined dissenting theologians, excommunicated self-styled ‘traditionalists’, and upheld often unpopular Church positions like its opposition to artificial birth control. At the same time, he pushed Catholic social teaching into relatively new areas such as bioethics, international economics, racism and ecology.
Physical limits
In his later years, the Pope moved with difficulty, tired easily and was less expressive, all symptoms of the nervous system disorder of Parkinson’s disease. Yet he pushed himself to the limits of his physical capabilities, convinced that such suffering was itself a form of spiritual leadership.
He led the Church through a heavy programme of soul-searching events during the Great Jubilee of the Year 2000, fulfilling a dream of his pontificate. His long-awaited pilgrimage to the Holy Land that year took him to the roots of the Faith and dramatically illustrated the Church’s improved relations with Jews. He also presided over an unprecedented public apology for the sins of Christians during darker chapters of Church history, such as the Inquisition and the Crusades.
His social justice encyclicals, including his landmark document, the apostolic letter Novo Millennio Ineunte (At the Beginning of the New Millennium), made a huge impact, addressing the moral dimensions of human labour, the widening gap between rich and poor and the shortcomings of the free-market system. He called for a “new sense of mission’’ to bring Gospel values into every area of social and economic life. At the Pope’s request, the Vatican published an exhaustive compendium of social teachings in 2004.
Top aides
As a manager, he set directions but often left policy details to top aides. His reaction to the mushrooming clerical sex abuse scandal underscored his governing style: he suffered deeply, prayed at length and made brief but forceful statements emphasising the gravity of such sins by priests.
Speaking to Irish bishops in 2009 he said “at a time when priests are suffering due to the pressures of the surrounding culture and the terrible scandal given by some of their brother priests, it is essential to invite them to draw strength from a deeper insight into their priestly identity and mission”.
He said he was close to “those who have been victims of sexual abuse on the part of clerics or religious”.
“These scandals,” he told the bishops firmly, “and a sociological rather than theological concept of the Church, sometimes lead to calls for a change in the discipline of celibacy. However, we cannot overlook the fact that the Church recognises God’s will through the interior guidance of the Holy Spirit and that the Church’s living tradition constitutes a clear affirmation of the consonance of celibacy, for profound theological and anthropological reasons, with the sacramental ‘character’ of the priesthood,” the Pontiff said.
The Pope approved a universal catechism as one remedy for doctrinal ambiguity.
Public forum
He also pushed Church positions further into the public forum. In the 1990s he urged the world’s bishops to step up their fight against abortion and euthanasia, saying the practices amounted to a modern-day “slaughter of the innocents”. His sharpened critique of these and other “anti-family” policies helped make him Time magazine’s choice for Man of the Year in 1994.
The Pope was a cautious ecumenist, insisting that real differences between religions and Churches not be covered up. Yet he made several dramatic gestures, including: launching a Catholic-Orthodox theological dialogue in 1979; visiting a Rome synagogue in 1986; hosting world religious leaders at a prayer summit for peace in 1986; and traveling to Damascus, Syria, in 2001, where he became the first Pontiff to visit a mosque.
To his own flock, he brought continual reminders that prayer and the sacraments were crucial to being a good Christian. He held up Mary as a model of holiness for the whole Church, updated the rosary with five new ‘Mysteries of Light’ and named more than 450 new saints – more than all his predecessors combined.
Greater things
The Pope lived a deep spiritual life – something that was not easily translated by the media. Yet in earlier years, this Pope seemed made for modern media, and his pontificate has been captured in some lasting images, like huddling in a prison-cell conversation with his would-be assassin, Mehmet Ali Agca, who shot the Pope in St Peter’s Square May 13, 1981.
Karol Jozef Wojtyla was born on May 18, 1920, in Wadowice, a small town near Krakow, in southern Poland. He lost his mother at age 9, his only brother at age 12 and his father at age 20.
An accomplished actor in Krakow’s underground theatre during the war, he changed paths and joined the clandestine seminary after being turned away from a Carmelite monastery with the advice: “You are destined for greater things.”
Following theological and philosophical studies in Rome, he returned to Poland for parish work in 1948, spending weekends on camping trips with young people. When named Auxiliary Bishop of Krakow in 1958 he was Poland’s youngest bishop, and he became Archbishop of Krakow in 1964. He also came to the attention of the universal Church through his work on important documents of the Second Vatican Council.
Though increasingly respected in Rome, Cardinal Wojtyla was a virtual unknown when elected Pope on October 16, 1978. In St Peter’s Square that night, he set his papal style in a heartfelt talk – delivered in fluent Italian, interrupted by loud cheers from the crowd.
After more than 26 years as Pope, John Paul died at the age of 84 at the Vatican on April 2, 2005, the vigil of Divine Mercy Sunday.
Divine Mercy Sunday had special significance for John Paul, who made it a Church-wide feast day to be celebrated a week after Easter. He was beatified by Pope Benedict XVI on Divine Mercy Sunday, May 1, 2011.
